Description: Biocontrol refers to the use of living organisms, such as predators, parasites, or pathogens, to manage pest populations in crops and ecosystems. This technique is based on ecological principles and aims to maintain natural balance, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides. Biocontrol not only focuses on pest eradication but also promotes soil health and biodiversity, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. By introducing natural enemies of pests, effective and lasting control can be achieved, minimizing environmental impact and risks to human health. This approach aligns with the principles of organic farming and sustainability, as it encourages more responsible management of natural resources and promotes the resilience of agricultural ecosystems. In a world where pesticide resistance is a growing problem, biocontrol emerges as a viable and necessary alternative to ensure agricultural production and environmental conservation.
History: Biocontrol has its roots in ancient agricultural practices, but its formal development began in the 20th century. One of the most significant milestones was in 1910 when the ladybug (Coccinella septempunctata) was introduced in California to control aphids. Since then, research in biocontrol has grown, especially in the 1960s and 1970s when natural enemies of pests began to be studied more systematically. In 1985, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) published a report promoting the use of biocontrol as a sustainable strategy in agriculture.
Uses: Biocontrol is primarily used in agriculture to sustainably manage pests. It is applied in various crops, including fruits, vegetables, and cereals, as well as in gardening and landscaping. Additionally, it is used in the restoration of degraded ecosystems, where biocontrol organisms help restore natural balance. Its application in protecting crops against fungal and bacterial diseases is also being researched.
Examples: A notable example of biocontrol is the introduction of the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa to control whiteflies in greenhouses. Another case is the use of entomopathogenic nematodes to combat insect pests in vegetable crops. In the field of ecological restoration, natural predators have been used to control invasive species in sensitive ecosystems.
