**Description:** A bioreactor is a vessel or container in which biological reactions take place, typically using microorganisms, cells, or enzymes. These systems are designed to provide a controlled environment that promotes the growth and metabolic activity of the organisms or biomolecules involved. Bioreactors can vary in size and complexity, from small laboratory flasks to large industrial facilities. Their design includes features such as temperature control, pH, oxygenation, and agitation, allowing for the optimization of conditions for the production of biological products, such as proteins, antibiotics, biofuels, and other metabolites. Modern biotechnology has driven the development of hybrid bioreactors, which combine traditional technologies with innovations in engineering, enabling greater efficiency and sustainability in biological processes. These systems are fundamental in biotechnological research and production, as they allow for the scaling of processes from the laboratory to industrial production, ensuring the quality and reproducibility of the products obtained.
**History:** The concept of bioreactor dates back to the 1950s when fermenters began to be used in the industry for the production of antibiotics and other biological products. Over the years, bioreactor technology has evolved significantly, incorporating advances in automatic control and real-time monitoring. In the 1980s, membrane bioreactors and cell culture systems were introduced, allowing for greater efficiency in the production of biomolecules. Today, hybrid bioreactors are on the rise, combining biotechnology with engineering to optimize processes and reduce costs.
**Uses:** Bioreactors are used in various applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, biofuels, and scientific research. In the pharmaceutical industry, they are essential for the production of vaccines and therapeutic proteins. In food production, they are used to ferment various products including dairy and alcoholic beverages. Additionally, in research, bioreactors allow for the study of metabolic processes and the development of new biotechnological technologies.
**Examples:** An example of a bioreactor is the fermenter used in the production of penicillin, where fungi of the genus Penicillium are cultured. Another example is cell culture bioreactors used to produce monoclonal antibodies in the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, membrane bioreactors are used in wastewater treatment, where microorganisms are utilized to break down contaminants.
