Description: Germline engineering refers to the genetic modification of cells that are part of the germline, meaning those cells that become gametes (eggs and sperm) and can therefore be inherited by future generations. This field of biotechnology has a profound impact on genetics, as it allows for changes in DNA that are passed on to offspring. Germline engineering is distinct from other forms of genetic modification, such as somatic gene therapy, which only affects the cells of the treated individual and is not inherited. Techniques used in germline engineering include CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise edits to the genome, and other genetic editing technologies that have revolutionized the approach to genetic inheritance. The relevance of this discipline lies in its potential to prevent hereditary diseases, improve genetic traits in organisms, and contribute to biomedical research. However, it also raises important ethical and safety concerns, as changes made to the germline can have unpredictable effects on future generations and biodiversity.
History: Germline engineering began to take shape in the 1970s with advances in molecular biology and the understanding of DNA. However, it was in 2012 that the CRISPR-Cas9 technique was developed, allowing for more precise and accessible genetic editing. Since then, there has been growing interest and debate over the ethical implications of modifying the germline, especially after a Chinese scientist announced in 2018 the creation of the first genetically modified babies.
Uses: Germline engineering is primarily used in genetic research to study hereditary diseases, as well as in agriculture to develop crops with improved traits. Its use in medicine is also being explored to prevent genetic diseases in future offspring.
Examples: A notable example of germline engineering is the case of genetically modified babies in China, where CRISPR was used to edit genes related to HIV resistance. Another example is the development of disease-resistant rice varieties through genetic modification.
