Description: The model layer is responsible for the data and business logic of applications. This layer handles interactions with the database and manages the information that applications need to function. This includes defining data structures, validating information, and implementing business rules that determine how that data should be manipulated. The model layer acts as an intermediary between the database and other layers of the application, ensuring that data is handled consistently and efficiently. Additionally, it allows business logic to be separated from presentation and user interaction, making applications easier to maintain and scale. This layer can be implemented using libraries like SQLAlchemy, which provides an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) to facilitate interaction with relational databases. The model layer is essential for any application that requires robust data management, as it establishes the foundation upon which the application’s functionalities are built.