**Description:** Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production in the skin. This type of cancer is considered one of the most aggressive due to its ability to metastasize, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body. Melanoma can present in various forms, with the most common being cutaneous melanoma, which appears on the skin; however, it can also develop in less visible areas such as the eyes (ocular melanoma) or mucous membranes. Early identification is crucial, as prognosis significantly improves if detected in its early stages. Warning signs include changes in the shape, color, or size of an existing mole, as well as the appearance of new skin lesions. Prevention is key, and the use of sunscreen and avoiding excessive sun exposure is recommended. The incidence of melanoma has increased in recent decades, leading to a greater focus on skin health education and early detection.
**History:** The term ‘melanoma’ was introduced in the medical literature in the 18th century, although the understanding of skin cancer has significantly evolved since then. In the 19th century, more systematic studies on melanoma began, and in 1907, Austrian physician Friedrich W. von Recklinghausen described the disease in detail. Throughout the 20th century, more effective diagnostic and treatment methods were developed, including surgery and adjuvant therapy. In recent decades, research has advanced in identifying risk factors and developing innovative treatments, such as immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
**Uses:** Melanoma is used as a medical term to classify a specific type of skin cancer. In the clinical field, it is employed to guide the diagnosis and treatment of affected patients. Additionally, research on melanoma has led to the development of new therapies and preventive approaches, as well as the creation of skin health awareness campaigns.
**Examples:** An example of melanoma is a case of a person presenting a mole that has changed in shape and color, leading to a medical evaluation and subsequently a diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. Another example is the use of immunotherapy treatments in patients with advanced melanoma, which have shown promising results in improving survival.
