Description: Ownership verification is the process by which it is confirmed that an entity, whether an individual or an organization, possesses a specific certificate or key within a public key infrastructure (PKI) system. This process is fundamental to ensuring the authenticity and integrity of digital communications. In an environment where information security is paramount, ownership verification ensures that only legitimate key owners can access resources or conduct transactions. This mechanism relies on trust in the public key infrastructure, which uses digital certificates issued by certificate authorities (CAs) to validate user identities. Ownership verification is not limited to authentication; it also plays a crucial role in identity and access management, allowing organizations to control who has access to what resources and under what conditions. Through this process, the risks of identity theft are minimized, and sensitive information is protected, making it an essential component of modern cybersecurity.