Description: Antimicrobials are chemical substances that have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These substances can be of natural origin, such as antibiotics derived from fungi, or synthetic, created in laboratories to combat infections. Antimicrobials act in various ways, such as interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, altering membrane function, or inhibiting the replication of genetic material. Their relevance in medicine is undeniable, as they have enabled the effective treatment of infections that could otherwise be fatal. Additionally, their use extends to agriculture, where they are employed to prevent diseases in crops and livestock. However, excessive and sometimes inappropriate use of antimicrobials has led to the emergence of resistant strains, posing a significant challenge to public health. Therefore, the responsible development and use of antimicrobials is crucial to maintain their effectiveness in treating infections.
History: The concept of antimicrobials dates back to the late 19th century when bacteriologist Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms were responsible for fermentation and diseases. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, marking a milestone in medical history. This discovery led to the mass production of antibiotics during World War II, revolutionizing the treatment of bacterial infections. Since then, numerous antimicrobials, both natural and synthetic, have been developed, expanding their use in various areas of health and agriculture.
Uses: Antimicrobials are primarily used in medicine to treat bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. In clinical settings, they are essential for treating severe illnesses and preventing infections in immunocompromised patients. Additionally, they are used in agriculture to protect crops and livestock from diseases, as well as in the food industry to preserve products. They are also used in cleaning and disinfecting products to eliminate microorganisms on surfaces.
Examples: Examples of antimicrobials include penicillin, which is used to treat bacterial infections; acyclovir, which is effective against viruses like herpes; and fluconazole, which is used to combat fungal infections. In agriculture, the use of antimicrobials such as tetracycline helps prevent diseases in livestock. In the cleaning sector, products containing chlorine or alcohol are used to disinfect surfaces and equipment.
