Description: Arachis hypogaea, commonly known as peanuts, is a legume crop primarily grown for its edible seeds. This plant belongs to the legume family and is characterized by its sprawling growth and yellow flowers that, after pollination, develop fruits that mature underground. Peanuts are an annual plant that can reach heights of 30 to 50 cm, and its leaves are compound, with four leaflets arranged oppositely. Its life cycle lasts approximately 120 to 150 days, depending on climatic conditions and the type of variety grown. Peanuts are especially valued not only for their taste and texture but also for their high content of proteins, healthy fats, and essential nutrients, making them a staple food in many cultures. Additionally, their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil makes them beneficial for sustainable agriculture, improving soil quality where they are grown. In terms of production, peanuts are cultivated in various regions worldwide, with South America, Africa, and Asia being the main producers. Their economic and nutritional importance has led to a growing interest in developing hybrids that enhance their resistance to diseases and adverse climatic conditions, thus ensuring their cultivation and availability in the future.
History: Peanuts originated in South America, where they have been cultivated for over 3,500 years. They are believed to have been domesticated by indigenous cultures in the Andean region. As European colonizers arrived in America, peanuts were introduced to other parts of the world, including Africa and Asia. In the 19th century, peanuts gained popularity in the United States, especially in the South, where they became an important crop. Research and development of hybrid varieties began to intensify in the 20th century, aiming to improve pest resistance and increase yield.
Uses: Peanuts are used in various ways in human and animal food. Their seeds are consumed raw, roasted, or processed into products such as peanut butter, oils, and snacks. Additionally, peanuts are a common ingredient in many cuisines worldwide, used in sauces, stews, and desserts. In agriculture, peanuts are grown not only for their seeds but also as a cover crop that improves soil quality. The leaves and plant residues are used as fodder for livestock.
Examples: An example of peanut use is peanut butter, which has become popular in many diets, especially in the United States. It is also used in traditional dishes such as ‘mafe’ in West Africa, which is a meat stew with peanut sauce. In the industry, peanut oil is used for cooking and in the production of processed food products.
