Description: Biological invasion refers to the introduction and establishment of non-native species in an ecosystem, which can significantly alter the ecological dynamics of the affected area. These invasive species can compete with native species for resources such as food, space, and light, often with detrimental consequences for local biodiversity. Biological invasions can be intentional, such as the introduction of species for pest control or agriculture, or accidental, such as the transport of organisms through trade routes. Key characteristics of invasive species include their ability to reproduce rapidly, their adaptability to different environments, and their resistance to diseases that affect native species. The relevance of this phenomenon lies in its impact on ecosystem health, the economy, and human quality of life, as invasive species can cause damage to agriculture, fishing, and tourism, in addition to affecting the health of natural ecosystems. Managing biological invasions is a significant challenge for ecologists and conservationists, who seek to mitigate the negative effects of these species on ecosystems and restore ecological balance.
History: The concept of biological invasion has been studied since the 19th century, although the term itself began to gain popularity in the 1950s. One of the most significant events was the accidental introduction of the species ‘Ctenopharyngodon idella’ (grass carp) in the United States in 1970, which had a considerable impact on aquatic ecosystems. Over the years, numerous biological invasions have been documented, leading to increased interest in the research and management of these species.
Uses: Biological invasions are used in ecological studies to understand the effects of non-native species on ecosystems. They are also employed in natural resource management, where the aim is to control or eradicate invasive species to protect native biodiversity. Furthermore, studying these invasions can help develop conservation policies and sustainable management strategies.
Examples: A notable example of biological invasion is the arrival of the ‘Zebra mussel’ (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes of North America in the 1980s, which caused significant damage to infrastructure and local biodiversity. Another case is that of the ‘Eucalyptus’ plant, which, although used for reforestation, has displaced native species in various regions of the world.
