Description: Biorefinery is an innovative process that transforms biomass into valuable products, such as biofuels, chemicals, and materials. This approach aims to maximize the use of biological resources while minimizing waste and promoting sustainability. Biorefinery relies on the conversion of organic matter, such as agricultural, forestry, and urban waste, into energy and useful products, using various technologies like fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. This process not only helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels but also aids in mitigating climate change by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. Biorefinery presents itself as a comprehensive solution that integrates energy production and chemical creation, fostering a circular economy where waste is turned into resources. Its relevance lies in its ability to provide sustainable alternatives in a world facing environmental and energy challenges, promoting a more efficient use of natural resources and contributing to the development of more sustainable communities.
History: The concept of biorefinery began to take shape in the 1990s when the need to develop sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels was recognized. In 1993, the U.S. Department of Energy launched the ‘Biomass Research and Development’ program, which laid the groundwork for research in biorefineries. Over the years, significant advances have been made in conversion technologies and in understanding biomass as a renewable resource. In 2008, the European Union adopted the ‘Renewable Energy Directive’, which promoted the use of biofuels and biorefineries as part of its energy strategy.
Uses: Biorefineries have multiple applications, including the production of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, the generation of electrical and thermal energy, and the manufacturing of biodegradable chemicals and materials. They are also used for the treatment of organic waste, turning waste into valuable resources. Additionally, biorefineries can contribute to food production through the valorization of by-products.
Examples: An example of a biorefinery is the Raizen biorefinery in Brazil, which produces ethanol from sugarcane and generates electricity from bagasse. Another case is the POET biorefinery in the U.S., which converts corn into ethanol and by-products such as corn oil and animal feed. In Europe, the Biochemtex biorefinery in Italy produces biochemicals from agricultural waste.
