Description: An expression vector is a fundamental tool in bioinformatics and biotechnology, designed to introduce a specific gene into a host cell with the aim of having that gene expressed and, consequently, producing the corresponding protein. These vectors are typically constructed from plasmids, which are small DNA molecules that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. Expression vectors contain essential elements such as a promoter, which initiates the transcription of the gene, and termination sequences that conclude this process. Additionally, they often include selection markers that allow for the identification of cells that have incorporated the vector. The ability to manipulate these vectors has enabled scientists to study the function of specific genes, produce recombinant proteins for therapies and vaccines, and develop genetically modified organisms. The versatility of expression vectors makes them key tools in genetic research, drug production, and protein engineering, facilitating significant advances in medicine and biotechnology.
History: Expression vectors began to be developed in the 1970s when scientists started to understand the structure and function of DNA. One significant milestone was the creation of recombinant plasmids, which allowed for the insertion of specific genes into host cells. In 1982, the production of human insulin using an expression vector was achieved, marking a significant advancement in biotechnology. Since then, vector technology has evolved, incorporating new techniques such as gene editing and gene cloning, which have expanded their application in research and medicine.
Uses: Expression vectors are primarily used in the production of recombinant proteins, which are essential for the development of biological therapies and vaccines. They are also used in genetic research to study the function of specific genes and in the creation of genetically modified organisms to enhance agricultural traits. Additionally, they are employed in the production of industrial enzymes and in gene therapy, where the aim is to correct genetic defects by introducing functional genes.
Examples: A notable example of an expression vector is the pET plasmid, which is widely used for protein production in bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Another example is the pGEX expression vector, which allows for the fusion of proteins with glutathione S-transferase to facilitate their purification. In the field of gene therapy, viral vectors such as adenoviruses have been used to introduce therapeutic genes into human cells.
