Description: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique used to detect and locate specific DNA sequences on chromosomes in cells. This methodology combines the hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA probes with microscopy, allowing visualization of the presence or absence of genetic sequences in the context of chromosomal structure. FISH is particularly valuable in genetic research and disease diagnosis, as it provides information about the organization and integrity of genetic material. The probes used in FISH can be designed to bind to specific sequences of interest, enabling researchers to identify genetic alterations such as deletions, duplications, or translocations that may be associated with various pathologies. The technique is highly sensitive and specific, making it an essential tool in cytogenetics, cancer biology, and genetic disease research. Additionally, FISH can be applied to different types of samples, including tissues, cultured cells, and blood samples, which broadens its utility in clinical and research settings.
History: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) was developed in the 1980s, with significant contributions from various researchers. A key milestone was the work of Pinkel et al. in 1986, who introduced the use of fluorescently labeled DNA probes for chromosome visualization. Since then, the technique has evolved and been refined, becoming a standard tool in cytogenetics and molecular biology laboratories.
Uses: FISH is primarily used in genetic research and disease diagnosis. It is particularly useful in identifying chromosomal abnormalities in cancer, as well as in diagnosing genetic disorders. It is also applied in evolutionary studies and in identifying microorganisms in environmental samples.
Examples: An example of FISH use is in leukemia diagnosis, where specific translocations, such as the BCR-ABL translocation in chronic myeloid leukemia, can be detected. Another example is its application in fertility studies, where chromosome quality in sperm can be assessed.
