Description: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication that can arise after a stem cell or organ transplant, where the immune cells from the graft (donor) attack the recipient’s tissues. This condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the donor’s immune system and that of the recipient, causing the graft cells to recognize the recipient’s body as foreign. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include skin rashes, diarrhea, liver damage, and issues in other organs. GVHD can be acute or chronic, depending on the timing of onset and duration of symptoms. Acute GVHD typically presents within the first weeks or months after transplantation, while chronic GVHD can develop months or even years later. The severity of the disease can impact the patient’s quality of life and, in extreme cases, can be fatal. GVHD is an active area of research as doctors seek ways to prevent and treat this complication, thereby improving transplant outcomes and patient health.
History: Graft-versus-host disease was first identified in the 1950s when the first human bone marrow transplants were performed. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to better understand the underlying mechanisms of GVHD and its relationship with donor-recipient compatibility. Over the years, treatments have been developed to manage this condition, including immunosuppressants and biological therapies.
Uses: GVHD is used as an important indicator in assessing compatibility in organ and stem cell transplants. Understanding GVHD helps physicians select suitable donors and implement prevention and treatment strategies to improve transplant outcomes.
Examples: An example of GVHD is seen in patients who have received bone marrow transplants, where the donor’s stem cells may attack the recipient’s skin and liver, causing severe symptoms. Another case is in patients who have received solid organ transplants, where GVHD can manifest as an adverse reaction in the transplanted organ’s tissues.
