Description: The term ‘in vitro’ refers to experiments and processes that are carried out outside of a living organism, typically in a controlled environment such as a laboratory. This methodology allows scientists to study biological phenomena in a simplified context, eliminating the complexities of a living system. In vitro experiments are fundamental in various disciplines, including cell biology, genetics, and biochemistry, as they provide a means to observe biological interactions, evaluate drug efficacy, and conduct genetic analyses without the influence of external factors that could alter results. The in vitro technique is characterized by its ability to reproduce specific conditions and control variables, facilitating the acquisition of precise and reproducible data. Furthermore, the use of cell cultures and other in vitro systems has revolutionized biomedical research, enabling significant advances in understanding diseases and developing treatments. In summary, ‘in vitro’ is an essential approach in scientific research that has unraveled many mysteries of modern biology and medicine.
History: The concept of ‘in vitro’ originated in the 19th century when scientists began conducting experiments in controlled conditions outside of living organisms. One of the most significant milestones was the development of cell cultures in the 1900s, which allowed researchers to study cells in an artificial environment. Throughout the 20th century, the technique was refined and expanded, being used in cancer research, pharmacology, and molecular biology. In 1978, the first baby conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) was born in the UK, marking a significant advancement in the application of in vitro techniques in reproductive medicine.
Uses: The applications of in vitro techniques are diverse and span multiple fields. In biomedical research, it is used to study the behavior of cells and tissues, as well as to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of new drugs. In biotechnology, in vitro cultures are essential for the production of recombinant proteins and genetic engineering. Additionally, in reproductive medicine, in vitro fertilization has enabled many couples to conceive. It is also employed in agriculture for plant propagation and in the conservation of endangered species.
Examples: A notable example of in vitro use is cancer research, where tumor cells are cultured to test the effectiveness of new treatments. Another case is the production of insulin using genetically modified cell cultures. In the field of reproductive medicine, in vitro fertilization has allowed couples with fertility issues to conceive, marking a significant advancement in reproductive health.
