Description: Indexing overhead refers to the additional resources required to maintain indexes in a database. In database management systems, indexes are structures that improve the speed of query operations by allowing faster access to data. However, creating and maintaining these indexes incurs a cost in terms of performance and resource usage. Each time a record is inserted, updated, or deleted, the associated indexes must be updated, which can lead to a decrease in the speed of these operations. Additionally, indexes take up disk space, which can be a limiting factor in resource-constrained environments. Indexing overhead is a critical aspect to consider when designing database schemas, as an excess of indexes can lead to suboptimal performance. Therefore, it is essential to find a balance between improving query performance and the cost associated with index management. In summary, indexing overhead is an inherent phenomenon in database optimization that requires careful planning to maximize system efficiency.