Description: Lactation is the biological process by which female mammals produce and secrete milk to feed their offspring. This process is fundamental for the development and survival of newborns, as breast milk contains all the essential nutrients, antibodies, and growth factors necessary for healthy growth. Lactation not only provides nourishment but also establishes an emotional bond between mother and baby, which is crucial for the infant’s social and emotional development. Milk production is regulated by hormones such as prolactin and oxytocin, which stimulate the synthesis and release of milk in the mammary glands. Lactation can be exclusive, where the baby receives only breast milk, or complementary, where other foods are introduced alongside milk. This process is an example of the biological adaptation of mammals, which have developed mechanisms to ensure the nutrition and care of their young in the early stages of life, which has been key to the evolution and survival of the species.
History: Lactation has been an essential practice since the emergence of mammals, with records indicating that the earliest forms of lactation date back over 200 million years. Throughout history, breastfeeding has been regarded as the most natural and healthy way to feed infants. Various cultures have documented breastfeeding practices that vary in duration and methods, from extended breastfeeding to the use of wet nurses. In the 20th century, with the rise of artificial feeding and baby bottles, breastfeeding began to decline, although in recent decades there has been a resurgence of interest in breastfeeding, driven by research highlighting its health benefits.
Uses: Lactation is primarily used to feed newborns and ensure their proper growth and development. Additionally, breastfeeding has been shown to have significant health benefits for both mother and baby, including reducing the risk of infectious diseases in infants and promoting postpartum recovery in mothers. In public health, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is promoted as a key strategy to improve child health.
Examples: An example of lactation is the common practice in many cultures of breastfeeding infants directly from the mother’s breast. The use of human milk banks in hospitals to provide milk to premature or sick infants who cannot be breastfed directly is also observed. In some cases, mothers choose mixed feeding, combining breast milk with infant formulas.
