Description: Malignant hyperthermia is a severe and potentially fatal reaction that occurs in response to certain medications used during general anesthesia, particularly depolarizing agents like succinylcholine. This condition is characterized by a rapid and uncontrolled increase in body temperature, accompanied by muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic disorder that affects calcium regulation in skeletal muscle, leading to excessive calcium release in muscle cells in the presence of certain triggers. This reaction can be fatal if not treated promptly, as it can lead to complications such as muscle damage, renal failure, and, in extreme cases, death. Early identification and appropriate treatment are crucial to improving the prognosis for affected patients. Malignant hyperthermia is a topic of great relevance in the field of anesthesiology and perioperative medicine, as proper management can save lives and prevent serious complications during surgical procedures.
History: Malignant hyperthermia was first identified in 1960 when severe adverse reactions to anesthesia were reported in patients receiving succinylcholine. In 1970, a genetic link to the condition was established, and mutations in the RYR1 gene, which encodes the ryanodine receptor involved in calcium release in skeletal muscle, were identified. Since then, diagnostic and treatment protocols have been developed, as well as genetic testing to identify at-risk individuals.
Uses: Identifying malignant hyperthermia is crucial in the field of anesthesiology, as it allows anesthesiologists to take appropriate precautions in patients with a family history of the condition. Additionally, medications such as dantrolene sodium are used to treat malignant hyperthermia crises, significantly improving survival rates in acute cases.
Examples: A notable case of malignant hyperthermia occurred in 1980 during orthopedic surgery in a patient with a family history of the condition. During anesthesia, the patient exhibited a rapid increase in body temperature and muscle rigidity, leading to the immediate administration of dantrolene and the cessation of surgery. Thanks to the prompt intervention, the patient recovered without long-term complications.
