Description: Memory-Mapped I/O is a method that allows input and output (I/O) operations by mapping device registers directly into a process’s address space. This means that instead of using specific I/O instructions, the operating system assigns memory addresses to device registers, allowing software to access them as if they were normal memory locations. This approach simplifies programming and improves efficiency, as I/O operations can be performed using standard load and store instructions. Memory-Mapped I/O is particularly useful in systems where fast and direct access to devices is required, such as in embedded systems or high-performance applications. However, its use must be carefully managed, as it can interfere with memory management and process protection, especially in environments where different execution modes coexist. In this context, privileged modes have full access to all system resources, while unprivileged modes are restricted to protect the integrity of the operating system and prevent malicious or faulty processes from affecting other processes or the system as a whole.
