Description: Non-repudiation is a fundamental principle in information security that ensures a user cannot deny the authenticity of their signature on a document or a message sent. This concept is crucial in digital environments, where verifying identity and information integrity is essential. In the context of technology, non-repudiation is achieved through mechanisms such as cryptography, which allows for the creation of digital signatures. These signatures are unique to each user and are linked to a specific message, ensuring that any attempt by the signer to deny can be refuted with technical evidence. This principle is especially relevant in various applications, including online transactions and secure communications, where actions must be verifiable and accountable. Additionally, non-repudiation applies in identity and access management, where it is vital to ensure that actions taken by a user are attributable to them. In summary, non-repudiation not only protects the integrity of information but also fosters trust in digital interactions, which is essential in an increasingly interconnected world.