Description: Nonce reuse refers to the practice of using the same nonce in multiple transactions within blockchain and cryptocurrency systems. A nonce, which stands for ‘number used once’, is a value used to ensure that each transaction is unique and cannot be replicated. In the context of blockchain, the nonce is crucial for both transaction verification and block creation, as it helps prevent attacks like double spending. Reusing a nonce can lead to security vulnerabilities; if an attacker manages to intercept a nonce used in a transaction, they could replicate or manipulate that transaction for their benefit. This is especially problematic in smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps), where the security and integrity of transactions are paramount. Therefore, it is essential for developers and users in the blockchain ecosystem to implement proper practices to ensure that each nonce is unique and not reused, thus protecting the network and its participants from potential fraud and malicious attacks.