Description: Oncogenes are segments of DNA that, when mutated or expressed at abnormal levels, have the potential to induce cancer development. These genes typically encode proteins that regulate cell growth, division, and survival. Under normal conditions, oncogenes play a crucial role in cellular signaling and cell cycle regulation, but their alteration can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Mutations in oncogenes can result from various factors, including exposure to carcinogens, errors in DNA replication, or genetic inheritance. The activation of an oncogene can occur through different mechanisms, such as point mutations, genetic amplifications, or chromosomal translocations. The identification and study of oncogenes are fundamental in cancer research, as they help to better understand the mechanisms of the disease and develop targeted therapies that can inhibit their activity. In summary, oncogenes are key elements in cancer biology, and their study is essential for advancing oncology medicine and bioinformatics, where computational tools are utilized to analyze genetic data and predict the behavior of these genes in various clinical contexts.
History: The term ‘oncogene’ was coined in the 1970s when researchers began identifying genes that, when mutated, could contribute to cancer development. One of the most significant milestones was the discovery of the ‘Ras’ oncogene in 1982, which was associated with several types of cancer. Over the years, numerous oncogenes have been identified, advancing the understanding of cancer biology and the development of targeted treatments.
Uses: Oncogenes are used in cancer research to identify therapeutic targets and develop personalized treatments. Additionally, their study allows for the creation of diagnostic tests that can predict predisposition to certain types of cancer and assist in selecting appropriate treatments for patients.
Examples: Examples of oncogenes include the ‘HER2’ gene, which is related to breast cancer, and the ‘BRAF’ gene, which is associated with melanoma. These oncogenes are the subject of research to develop targeted therapies that block their activity and improve outcomes in cancer patients.
