Description: Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This medical specialty encompasses a wide range of aspects related to the disease, including research, prevention, treatment, and patient follow-up. Oncologists are specialized physicians who use various therapeutic modalities, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, to combat cancer. Oncology not only focuses on treating the disease but also on managing symptoms and improving patients’ quality of life. Additionally, oncology is divided into subspecialties, such as medical oncology, surgical oncology, and radiation oncology, each with a particular focus on cancer treatment. Research in oncology is essential for developing new therapies and treatment approaches, based on clinical studies aimed at improving outcomes and patient survival. In summary, oncology is a comprehensive medical discipline that plays a crucial role in the fight against cancer and in supporting patients and their families throughout the disease process.
History: Oncology has its roots in antiquity, with records of tumor treatments in civilizations such as Egyptian and Greek. However, as a formal medical discipline, it began to develop in the 19th century when types of cancer started to be classified and surgical methods for treatment were introduced. Throughout the 20th century, oncology advanced significantly with the introduction of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, especially after World War II, when important discoveries in pharmacology and medical technology were made. In recent decades, research in oncology has evolved towards more personalized approaches, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, transforming cancer treatment.
Uses: Oncology is primarily used to diagnose and treat different types of cancer. Oncologists perform diagnostic tests, such as biopsies and imaging studies, to determine the presence and type of cancer. Once diagnosed, treatment plans are developed that may include surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy to eliminate cancer cells, radiation therapy to destroy cancerous tissue, and more recent treatments such as immunotherapy. Additionally, oncology also deals with palliative care, which aims to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients in advanced stages of the disease.
Examples: An example of oncology in action is the treatment of breast cancer, where combinations of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy may be used depending on the stage of the disease. Another case is the treatment of lung cancer, which may include targeted therapies based on the genetic characteristics of the tumor. Additionally, in the research field, clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the effectiveness of new immunological therapies in patients with advanced melanoma.
