Description: Data normalization in APIs, including but not limited to GraphQL operations, refers to the process of structuring and organizing data in a way that minimizes redundancies and optimizes efficiency in queries. Normalization allows developers to define a clear and concise schema that describes how different data types relate to each other. This is crucial, as APIs enable clients to request exactly the data they need, which can lead to a wide variety of data structures. Normalization helps maintain data consistency and integrity, facilitating manipulation and ensuring that relationships between different entities remain clear. Additionally, by normalizing data, common issues such as information duplication and inconsistency can be avoided, resulting in a more robust and maintainable system. In summary, data normalization is a fundamental aspect that contributes to efficiency and clarity in data management within modern applications, allowing developers to build more effective and scalable APIs.