Description: Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which are covalent bonds formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. These molecules are fundamental in biology as they serve as building blocks of proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells. Peptides can vary in length, from dipeptides (two amino acids) to oligopeptides (longer chains, typically fewer than 20 amino acids). Their sequence and composition determine their properties and biological functions. Peptides can have various biological activities, including hormonal, neurotransmitter, and antimicrobial functions. Additionally, their study is crucial in bioinformatics, where computational tools are used to analyze their sequences, structures, and functions, facilitating the understanding of complex biological processes. The ability of peptides to interact with other biomolecules makes them important targets in drug development and therapies. In summary, peptides are essential components in molecular biology, playing a key role in regulating various biological functions and in biomedical research.
History: The term ‘peptide’ is derived from the Greek ‘peptos’, meaning ‘digested’. Its study began in the 19th century when the first peptides were identified and their relationship with proteins was understood. In 1902, Emil Fischer, a German chemist, received the Nobel Prize for his work on peptide synthesis and protein structure determination. Throughout the 20th century, biochemistry advanced significantly, allowing for the identification and characterization of numerous peptides. The invention of techniques such as mass spectrometry and protein sequencing in the 1980s and 1990s revolutionized the field, enabling more detailed analysis of peptides and their functions in organisms.
Uses: Peptides have multiple applications in various fields, including medicine, biotechnology, and scientific research. In medicine, they are used as hormones, neurotransmitters, and in targeted therapies, such as antimicrobial peptides that combat infections. In biotechnology, peptides are utilized in vaccine development and protein engineering. Additionally, in research, they are employed to study biomolecular interactions and in drug design, where peptides can act as model molecules for the development of new treatments.
Examples: A notable example of a peptide is insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. Another example is the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, which has antibacterial properties and is being researched for its potential in treating infections. Additionally, peptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin are crucial in regulating physiological functions in the human body.
