**Description:** Physical computing is an interdisciplinary field that merges the physical world with the digital, using technologies such as sensors and actuators to create systems that interact with their environment. This approach allows physical objects to collect data from the real world and process it, generating responses or actions accordingly. Physical computing is based on the idea that devices can be more than just tools; they can become intelligent entities that perceive and respond to their surroundings. This is achieved through the integration of hardware and software, where sensors gather information about physical variables such as temperature, light, or motion, and actuators execute actions based on that information. The relevance of physical computing lies in its ability to transform the way we interact with technology, enabling the creation of smarter and more adaptive environments. As technology advances, physical computing becomes an essential component in the development of applications in areas such as robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and automation, where the interaction between the physical and digital worlds is crucial for enhancing the efficiency and functionality of systems.
**History:** The term ‘physical computing’ began to gain popularity in the 1990s, although its roots can be traced back to early experiments in robotics and interactive systems. One significant milestone was the creation of platforms like Arduino in 2005, which democratized access to the creation of interactive devices, allowing enthusiasts and professionals to develop projects that integrate hardware and software easily. Over the years, physical computing has evolved with advancements in sensor and actuator technology, as well as the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has expanded its application across various industries.
**Uses:** Physical computing is used in a wide range of applications, including robotics, where robots can interact with their environment; in the design of interactive art installations that respond to audience presence; and in the creation of smart home devices that can control lighting, temperature, and security. It is also applied in education, where physical computing kits are used to teach students about programming and electronics in a hands-on manner.
**Examples:** Examples of physical computing include using Arduino to create an automatic irrigation system that adjusts water flow based on soil moisture, or developing a robot that can navigate an environment using distance sensors. Another example is using Raspberry Pi to build an environmental monitoring system that collects data on air quality and sends it to a mobile app for analysis.
