Description: The ribosome is a complex molecular machine found in all living cells that performs the biological synthesis of proteins. Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins, the ribosome is organized into two subunits: a larger and a smaller one, which assemble during the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Its main function is to read the nucleotide sequence of mRNA and, through a translation process, link amino acids in the correct sequence to form proteins. This activity is essential for life, as proteins play crucial roles in almost all biological processes, from cellular structure to the regulation of chemical reactions. Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, forming what is known as rough endoplasmic reticulum. Their relevance extends beyond cellular biology, as they are a key target in the development of antibiotics, which aim to interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria without affecting eukaryotic cells. In summary, ribosomes are fundamental to gene expression and protein production, being essential for life in all its forms.
History: The ribosome was discovered in the 1950s when its role in protein synthesis was identified. In 1955, George Beadle and Edward Tatum proposed the relationship between genes and proteins, leading to investigations into genetic translation. In 1970, the first image of a ribosome was obtained using electron microscopy, allowing for a better understanding of its structure and function. In 2000, the sequencing of the ribosomal RNA genes was completed, providing crucial information about its composition and functioning.
Uses: Ribosomes are used in biotechnology for the production of recombinant proteins, which are essential in the manufacture of drugs and vaccines. They are also the subject of study in research on genetic diseases, as mutations in ribosomal RNA or ribosomal proteins can cause disorders. Additionally, they are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of new antibiotics that specifically target bacterial ribosomes.
Examples: An example of ribosome use in biotechnology is the production of recombinant insulin, where human genes are inserted into bacteria to produce insulin. Another example is the use of ribosomes in cancer research, where alterations in protein synthesis that may contribute to tumor development are studied.
