Description: Sensor networks are systems composed of multiple spatially distributed sensors that monitor and collect data on physical conditions such as temperature, humidity, pressure, light, and motion. These sensors communicate with each other and with a central system to process the collected information. The main feature of these networks is their ability to operate in diverse and often hard-to-reach environments, allowing for real-time data collection. The interconnection of sensors enables the creation of a monitoring infrastructure applicable in a wide range of scenarios, from environmental monitoring to industrial processes and public safety. The integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, further enhances the utility of sensor networks, enabling edge inference and automated decision-making. In the context of Industry 4.0, these networks are essential for the digitization and optimization of processes, facilitating real-time data collection and continuous improvement.
History: Sensor networks have their roots in the 1960s when the first sensors were developed for military applications. However, their significant evolution began in the 1990s with advancements in microelectronics technology and the proliferation of wireless devices. In 1999, the term ‘wireless sensor networks’ was coined by a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, who helped establish the field as a formal research discipline. Since then, sensor networks have rapidly evolved, driven by the miniaturization of components and improvements in communication capabilities.
Uses: Sensor networks are used in a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, water resource management, public health, security, and industrial automation. In agriculture, for example, they are used to measure soil moisture and optimize irrigation. In healthcare, they enable remote patient monitoring. In industry, they facilitate machinery monitoring and supply chain management.
Examples: A notable example of sensor networks is the air quality monitoring system in cities, where distributed sensors are used to measure pollutants and provide real-time data to authorities. Another example is the use of sensor networks in precision agriculture, where sensors are installed in fields to monitor soil and weather conditions, allowing farmers to make informed decisions about irrigation and fertilization.
