Description: A SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) database is a bioinformatics resource that compiles information about genetic variations in the DNA of different organisms. SNPs are the most common variations in the human genome and can influence how individuals respond to diseases, medications, and other environmental factors. These databases contain detailed information about the location of SNPs in the genome, their frequency in various populations, and their association with phenotypic traits or diseases. The collection and organization of this data enable researchers to conduct genetic analyses, association studies, and explorations of genetic diversity. Furthermore, SNP databases are fundamental for personalized medicine, as they help identify genetic variants that may affect the efficacy of medical treatments. In summary, these databases are essential tools in genetic research and in understanding genetic variability among individuals and populations.
History: The identification of SNPs began in the 1990s when more advanced DNA sequencing techniques were developed. In 2001, the Human Genome Project completed the sequencing of the human genome, allowing for the identification of millions of SNPs. Since then, several databases have been created to store and share this information, such as dbSNP, which was launched by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in 2000.
Uses: SNP databases are used in various applications, including genetic association studies, research on complex diseases, and in the development of personalized treatments. They are also useful in agriculture for improving crops by identifying SNPs related to desirable traits.
Examples: An example of using a SNP database is studying the relationship between specific SNPs and susceptibility to diseases like type 2 diabetes, using data from dbSNP. Another example is the application of SNPs in selecting plant varieties with pest resistance in breeding programs.
