Description: Surgical oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer through surgical procedures. Its primary goal is the removal of malignant tumors and the management of complications associated with cancer. This discipline combines knowledge of general surgery with a specific focus on neoplasms, allowing surgical oncologists to perform interventions that not only aim to eliminate the tumor but also preserve the patient’s function and quality of life. Surgical oncology is fundamental in cancer treatment, as surgery is often the first step in a multidisciplinary approach that may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Surgical oncologists work closely with other specialists to develop personalized treatment plans, considering factors such as the type of cancer, its location, and the patient’s overall condition. This specialty has evolved significantly over time, incorporating minimally invasive techniques and advanced technologies that improve surgical outcomes and reduce recovery time. In summary, surgical oncology is an essential branch of medicine that plays a crucial role in the fight against cancer, offering patients effective and personalized treatment options.
History: Surgical oncology has its roots in general surgery, which dates back to ancient times. However, as a specific specialty, it began to take shape in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when more advanced surgical techniques were developed and a better understanding of cancer biology emerged. One significant milestone was the introduction of anesthesia and antisepsis, which allowed for more complex and safer surgeries. Throughout the 20th century, surgical oncology solidified as a key discipline in cancer treatment, with the development of techniques such as mastectomy and tumor resection in vital organs. In recent decades, there has been significant advancement in minimally invasive surgery and the integration of surgical oncology with other treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Uses: Surgical oncology is primarily used for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer. Its applications include the removal of solid tumors, biopsies to determine the nature of the cancer, and reconstructive surgery to restore appearance and function after tumor removal. Additionally, it is employed in palliative procedures to relieve symptoms in advanced stages of the disease. Surgical oncology is essential in the management of cancers such as breast, colon, lung, and prostate cancer, among others.
Examples: An example of surgical oncology is mastectomy, which is the surgical removal of one or both breasts, commonly performed in patients with breast cancer. Another example is the resection of a tumor in the colon, where the affected part of the intestine is removed to treat colorectal cancer. Additionally, brain tumor surgery, which may include the removal of gliomas or meningiomas, is a practical case of the application of surgical oncology.
