Description: Under-provisioning refers to a situation where insufficient resources are allocated to a virtual machine, which can lead to performance and availability issues. This phenomenon is especially relevant in cloud computing and virtualization environments, where resources such as CPU, memory, and storage are shared among multiple instances. When a virtual machine does not receive the appropriate amount of resources, it may experience sluggishness, prolonged response times, and, in extreme cases, service failures. Under-provisioning can result from inadequate planning, incorrect workload estimation, or a lack of continuous monitoring. To mitigate these issues, it is crucial to implement resource management strategies that include performance monitoring and dynamic resource adjustment. In the context of quality of service, under-provisioning can negatively impact user experience, as services may become intermittent or unreliable. Therefore, it is essential for organizations to carefully assess their resource needs and utilize auto-scaling tools to ensure that virtual machines have access to the necessary resources at all times.