Description: V-fold Cross-Validation is a statistical technique used to assess the generalization ability of a predictive model. It involves splitting a dataset into ‘V’ parts or folds, where the model is trained on ‘V-1’ folds and validated on the remaining fold. This process is repeated ‘V’ times, ensuring that each fold is used once as a validation set. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows for the use of all available data for both training and validation, helping to obtain a more robust estimate of the model’s performance. Additionally, by averaging the results from the ‘V’ iterations, variance in the evaluation is minimized, providing a more reliable measure of the model’s effectiveness. V-fold Cross-Validation is particularly useful in situations where datasets are limited, as it maximizes the use of available data. This technique is widely used in hyperparameter optimization, as it allows for the evaluation of different model configurations and the selection of the one that best fits the data, thereby avoiding overfitting and improving the generalization capability of the final model.