Description: A vaccine is a biological substance used to stimulate the immune system of an organism, promoting the production of antibodies and providing immunity against one or more diseases. Vaccines can contain antigens, which are fragments of pathogens, or attenuated or inactivated versions of these, allowing the body to recognize and combat future infections. The importance of vaccines lies in their ability to prevent infectious diseases, reducing morbidity and mortality associated with them. Additionally, vaccines contribute to herd immunity, protecting those who cannot be vaccinated, such as individuals with compromised immune systems. Throughout history, vaccines have been fundamental in the eradication and control of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles, becoming an essential tool in modern public health. Their development and application have significantly evolved, incorporating advances in biotechnology and genetics, allowing for the creation of more effective and safer vaccines.
History: The concept of vaccination dates back to the late 18th century when Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against smallpox in 1796. Jenner observed that people who had contracted cowpox did not get sick from human smallpox. Based on this observation, he inoculated a child with material from a cowpox pustule, resulting in successful immunization. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, vaccines for various diseases were developed, such as tetanus, rabies, and diphtheria. The introduction of the polio vaccine in the 1950s marked a milestone in the fight against this disease. In recent decades, vaccine research has advanced towards the development of recombinant and mRNA vaccines, such as those used in the fight against COVID-19.
Uses: Vaccines are primarily used to prevent infectious diseases. They are administered to individuals to induce an immune response that protects against specific pathogens. In addition to their use in public health, vaccines are also applied in veterinary medicine to protect animals from diseases. Mass vaccination campaigns are common in preventing epidemic outbreaks, and they are used in childhood immunization programs to ensure that children are protected from an early age.
Examples: Examples of vaccines include the smallpox vaccine, which was eradicated thanks to mass vaccination; the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella), which is administered to children; and the mRNA vaccines against COVID-19, such as those developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, which have proven to be highly effective in preventing the disease.
