Description: A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system composed of multiple autonomous sensors that are spatially distributed and have the capability to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, light, and motion. These sensors communicate with each other and with a central node via wireless connections, allowing for real-time data collection and transmission. The main characteristics of a WSN include its ability to operate autonomously, its flexibility to be deployed in various locations, and its scalability, allowing for the addition of more sensors as needed. The relevance of these networks lies in their application across a variety of fields, from precision agriculture to water resource management and environmental health monitoring. Thanks to their efficient design and wireless communication technology, sensor networks have revolutionized the way data is collected and analyzed, facilitating informed decision-making and improving efficiency across multiple sectors.
History: Wireless sensor networks began to be developed in the 1960s, but significant evolution occurred in the 1990s with advancements in microelectronics and wireless communication technology. In 1999, the term ‘wireless sensor network’ was popularized by University of California, Berkeley researcher David Culler, who worked on developing sensor systems for applications in urban and rural environments. Since then, research and development in this field have grown exponentially, driven by the increasing demand for real-time monitoring solutions across various industries.
Uses: Wireless sensor networks are used in a wide range of applications, including precision agriculture, where they enable monitoring of soil and climate conditions to optimize irrigation and fertilization. They are also employed in water resource management, monitoring water quality and flow in rivers and reservoirs. In the healthcare sector, they are used for patient tracking and monitoring medical conditions. Additionally, they are fundamental in smart city management, helping to control traffic, public lighting, and air quality.
Examples: A practical example of a wireless sensor network is the use of sensors in greenhouses to monitor temperature and humidity, allowing farmers to automatically adjust conditions to maximize plant growth. Another example is the use of sensors in water management systems, where water levels and quality are monitored in real-time to prevent flooding and ensure adequate supply. They are also used in urban air quality monitoring, providing data that helps authorities make decisions regarding public health.
