Description: Investment returns refer to the returns generated by financial investments over time. This concept is fundamental in the field of finance and economics, as it allows investors to assess the effectiveness of their investment decisions. Returns can be expressed in absolute terms, such as a monetary amount, or in relative terms, such as a percentage of the invested capital. The measurement of these returns includes both capital gains, which are the profits obtained from selling an asset at a higher price than its purchase price, and the income generated by the asset, such as dividends or interest. Model optimization in this context involves the use of mathematical and statistical techniques to maximize expected returns while minimizing associated risk. This is especially relevant in portfolio management, where investors seek to balance risk and return to achieve their financial goals. Understanding investment returns is crucial for making informed and strategic decisions in the financial world, as it enables investors to identify opportunities and evaluate the performance of their assets over time.